Thursday, October 20, 2016

An insight into Jeanne d'Arc


5 Facts about La Pucelle d'Orleans


  • Her clothes
    • first donned male clothes for her journey to the Dauphin's court.
    • primary reason was protection from sexual assault : tunic, doublet, breeches and hose were complex pieces of clothing that took time to remove.
    • there were occasions, even during war, where she wore female clothes, but never publicly, did not want her army to see her as a woman.
  • Her eating habits
    • very modest appetite
    • meals often consisted only of pieces of bread dipped in wine mixed with water.
    • refrained from attending feasts, even on days of celebration.
  • Her Childhood
    • spent her time sewing and spinning, praying alone in Church, imploring God to have pity on France.
    • used to see her brothers return with black eyes from their "battles", never joined them.
    • Jeanne made garlands, like other children her age, but preferred offering them to statues of saints in the church, especially St. Margaret and St. Catherine.
  • Her religious inclinations
    • pious, devoted to God and the Virgin Mary.
    • attended mass daily, fell to her knees when she heard church bells ringing.
    • frequently sought time for prayer, spent hours alone seeking counsel for her decisions regarding wars and conquests.
  • Her beliefs
    • voices that guided her were those of St. Catherine, St. Margaret and St. Michael, the Archangel
    • God had send her to help crown the Dauphin as the rightful ruler of France
    • in the end, unable to abandon her belief in the voices, but knew that they could not save her from a terrible death
Sources: http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/joanofarc_male_clothing.html http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2015/05/defiant-dressing-what-joan-of-arc-wore.html http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=lang&book=joan&story=childhood http://www.monio.info/2014/01/15/secrets-of-the-life-of-jeanne-darc-part-6-the-religious-factors/#chapter6
http://www.historyextra.com/article/premium/real-joan-arc
La Famille 
Youngest Brother :
~ Pierre d'Arc
~DOB : 1408
~Fought along side with Jeanne
~Married and became father of two sons and a daughter 
~Died in Orleans [DOD unknown however assumed year is 1473]
~Ennobled 

Bother:
~ Jacquemin d'Arc
~ Born: 1402 
~Death : 1450 
~Married to Catherine 

Brother
~ Jean d'Arc
~DOB : 1409
~DOD : 1447
~Ennobled in December 
~Fled with his sister to Orleans 
~ Worked to rehabilitate his sister 
~He was "Bailly of Vermandois" and captain of Chartres 

Sister 
~Catherine d'Arc
~DOB : 1413 
~DOD: 1429
~Married Colin the son of Greux's mayor
~Died during childbirth 

Source: http://www.jeanne-darc.info/biography/family/
             https://www.google.co.in/search?sa=X&q=Catherine+d%27Arc&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLQz9U3MDHLzVXiArHSTaqSyo21JLOTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VcWZSTmZe-iPGAG6Blz_uCUu5T1pz8hqjIxdutUIqXGyueSWZJZVCUlw8UnCrNBikuLjgPB4AI7cLu4YAAAA&ved=0ahUKEwil9sGtyunPAhXLrI8KHbO7CGcQri4IHg
https://www.google.co.in/search?sa=X&q=Pierre+d%27Arc&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLQz9U3MDHLzVXiArGMypMsqgq0JLOTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VcWZSTmZe-iPGAG6Blz_uCUu5T1pz8hqjIxdutUIqXGyueSWZJZVCUlw8UnCrNBikuLjgPB4AG71K_IYAAAA&ved=0ahUKEwiGsf7SzOnPAhUItY8KHbsVCIcQri4IGw
https://www.google.co.in/search?sa=X&q=Jacquemin+d%27Arc&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLQz9U3MDHLzVXiArHSTaqSyi21JLOTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VcWZSTmZe-iPGAG6Blz_uCUu5T1pz8hqjIxdutUIqXGyueSWZJZVCUlw8UnCrNBikuLjgPB4AyIDXI4YAAAA&ved=0ahUKEwj-xLawzenPAhXHsFQKHRdyC2UQri4IIA

Jeanne's Education

-uneducated

-Her mother was devout-she inculcated the deep love for Catholic Church and teachings-

-Though uneducated-she had knowledge and articulation about a lot of things. The way she talked it reflected on her sheer intelligence achieved even without a formal education

-Instead of a theoretical education she had practical awareness on how to do the daily chores and in depth knowledge on how to deal with daily life situations. Practical knowledge was instilled as she was involved in doing the daily chores –sewing, cleaning and cooking with her mother and haymaking and harvesting with her father.

-The aforementioned things gave her varied knowledge in different fields –plants, science etc

-Her mother instilled her major beliefs-in saint, Jesus and Christianity

-Joan’s education was influenced by 
environs-for example by some old woman who taught her the use of spell, divination and other superstitious work or magic arts, her grandmother talked about visions and spirits of fairies

-Her Christian education was through diabolic practices

Tuesday, October 11, 2016

HER VOICES

"When I was thirteen, I had a voice from God to help me to govern myself. The first time, I was terrified. The voice came to me about noon: it was summer, and I was in my father’s garden….I saw it many times before I knew it was Saint Michael….He was not alone, but duly attended by heavenly angels….He told me Saint Catherine and Saint Marg aret would come to me, and I must follow their counsel; that they were appointed to guide and counsel me in what I had to do, and that I must believe what they would tell me, for it was at our Lord’s command." In Her Own Words, p. 5-6

Saint Joan continually professed counsel and protection from three voices guiding her in the mission to free her country from occupation: Saint Michael the Archangel, Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Saint Margaret, sometimes called Marina. Although not often mentioned, Joan also reported being visited by Saint Gabriel.

Archangel Michael was the first to appear to young Joan when she was in her thirteenth year. He told Joan that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret would soon follow. She was to obey their instruction. Whereas Archangel Michael was brilliant and bold, her descriptions of Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret were of gentle comforters.

When Joan turned seventeen, the guidance from her voices changed. Saint Michael visited more often, outlining a plan which involved the young girl liberating her country. Joan's response showed her attempt to make sense of what she was being told to do: "And I answered the Voice that I was a poor girl who knew nothing of riding and warfare." In Her Own Words, p. 7

Saint Michael, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret had won her devotion and her confidence. It was in them she put her complete faith, moving always in the direction they led. Her guardians not only provided counsel, but forewarned of mishaps, personal injury and eventually her own capture and death.

Archangel Michael

Patron of soldiers and law enforcement
Feast Day: May 8 and September 29

Saint Michael was the patron saint of the royal house of France during Joan's life, so it makes sense that she naturally held an affinity for him. He commanded her to go to the aid of France and eventually appeared to her as a war counselor. Saint Michael is typically depicted in armor with wings outstretched and sword or lance drawn, ready to pierce the serpent being restrained under foot. In many medieval paintings, he bears a shield with a red cross that represents "truth". 
Above all, Saint Michael told me that I must be a good child, and that God would help me. He taught me to behave rightly and go often to church.... He told me the pitiful state of the Kingdom of France. And he told me that I must go to succor the King of France." In Her Own Words, p. 6."

Saint Catherine of Alexandria

Patroness of philosophers and teachers
Feast Day: November 25

"Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret had rich crowns on their heads. They spoke well and fairly, and their voices are beautiful--sweet and soft. The name by which they often named me was Jehanne the Maid, Child of God. They told me that my King would be restored to his Kingdom, despite his enemies. They promised to lead me to Paradise." In Her Own Words, p. 7

Saint Catherine, along with Saint Margaret, was sent to guide Joan of arc on her mission, giving her constant counsel, guidance and protection. Saint Catherine was a virgin martyr born of a noble family in Alexandria. 

Saint Margaret

Patroness of pregnant women
Feast Day: July 20

Margaret is sometimes called Marina. She is believed to have been the daughter of a pagan priest, converting against family wishes to Christianity. Saint Margaret was a shepherdess who attracted the interest of a local prefect. Saint Margaret is often depicted standing over the dragon, sent by Satan to tempt her. She was beheaded.
Joan of Arc shared a similar fate with the guardians who offered their counsel, especially Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret.

It is impossible to understand Joan of Arc's motivation and steadfast moral values without first understanding the voices which she attributes every good thing she accomplished. Her deep love, faith and reverence for her helpers were best apparent in her actions. Attempting to express the Voices' profound influence on her life:

"There is no day that I do not hear the voice. And indeed I need it. I have never asked it for any other reward than, in the end, the salvation of my soul."

"I saw them with the eyes of my body as well as I see you. And when they left me, I wept, and I wished that they might have taken me with them. And I kissed the ground where they stood, to do them reverence." In Her Own Words, p. 94, 6

"Whatever I have done that was good, I have done at the bidding of my voices."In Her Own Words, p. 113

"I have never had need of them and not had them come." In Her Own Words, p. 112

"I shall call them to help me as long as I live." In Her Own Words, p. 126

Recantation

  • Joan's trial by the English started in February 1431, and continued for 3 months. 
  • Bishop Cauchon drew up 70 charges against her inclusive of but not limited to, thirsting for the blood of human beings, dressing up in male attire, not submitting entirely to the Catholic Church
  •  Her biggest crime was heresy of communicating to God herself instead of through the Church
  •  Bishop Cauchon sentenced her to death by fire in front of an English crowd
  • John recanted or denounced her revelations from God and submitted entirely to the Church. 
  • She accepted and signed a document with the charges of her heresy and was condemned to life imprisonment
  •  She renounced this by saying she denounced the revelations to save herself from the fire, which had displeased God as she had betrayed him 
  •  Declared to be a 'relapsed heretic' for making a confession with a false heart and on May 30th, 1431, she was burned at the stake in Rouen.
Source : Bill of Rights in Action (Winter 2014 Edition)

Recognising her true King

  • After she made the revelation to him,Joan's uncle took her to the captain of the town Sir Robert de Baudricourt
  • He mocked her before arranging for her meeting with the King.
  • Entering the Court of Charles V11, Joan made inclinations and reverences to the King according to the norms one is expected to follow in a King's court
  • The King denied being the King, as indicated to one of his richly clothed noblemen, calling him the King. 
  • She declared that the man she made inclinations to was the right King and no one else, and she recognised him. 
  •  She told him she wanted to raise the seige in Orleans, drive the English away, given enough fightermen.
Source : The first biography of Joan of Arc (Translated and Annotated by David Rankin and Claire Quintal

JOAN OF ARC: FROM WITCH TO SAINT

Joan of Arc had about 70 charges against  her including:

  1. Witchcraft
  2. Heresy
  3. Crossdressing
  4. Being a War Criminal
  5. Sorcery etc.

  • In May 1431, under threat of death, Joan relented and signed a confession DENYING that she had ever recieved divine guidance. 
  • This is one the reason why she was tried and found guilty and hence burnt in a marketplace of Rouen(North of France).
  • She was captivated by the British and then handed over to the Church to be tried. She was NOT given a Legal Advisor. 
  • She was NOT put in a cell governed by female guards(Eventhough the law at that time said so)
  • She was THREATENED to be killed if she didn't give the Church a Confession.

Joan is one of the youngest(SHE IS NOT THE YOUNGEST) saints as her life ended at the age of 19.





References:
http://www.history.com/topics/saint-joan-of-arc
https://www.brightknowledge.org/knowledge-bank/law-and-politics/features-and-resources/famous-cases-the-trial-of-joan-of-arc
http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/sec18.html