St Catherine and St. Margaret costumes

St. Catherine and St. Margaret appeared to her with "beautiful crowns" on their heads. - trial record of Jeanne.

 

Age of Empires

Hello Guys!

I know you have all started the process of working on the script.
But this is a link to the Age of Empires campaign for Joan of Arc.
Do watch it as it will give quite a detailed understanding of the history of the lady we are working on.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owEIeHYAb7Q

Also Sukriti, since you are working on Act 2, I would like you to look into this greatly as it deals very well with the war narrations. Additionally, there is a character here called La Hire. Do make sure that he is greatly a part of your script scenes that involve the war.

He had a great role to play as a companion of Joan during the wars. They had a very revered and respected relationship between them. La Hire was in awe of her power and determination. I will put up more information about him and give you through mail or this blog.  

P.S.
All the best! 

Promises to the King

Now, at the age of thirteen, Jeanne began to hear voices that she felt were sent by God. These voices presented her with the mission of saving France from it enemies and install Charles as the rightful king. Interestingly, she took a vow of chastity as part of her divine endeavour. She even went to a local court at the age of sixteen to avoid marriage.

In May 1428, Jeanne went to Vaucouleurs, a nearby stronghold of those loyal to Charles. Robert de Baudricourt, the magistrate, rejected her, initially, but she persisted. When Baudricort finally came around, Jeanne cut her hair short and dressed in men’s clothes to set off to Chinon, the site of the crown prince’s palace.

Jeanne promised Charles she would see him crowned king at Reims (the traditional site of French royal investiture) and asked him to grant her an army to lead to Orléans, which was under the English at the time. Against the advice of most of his councellors and generals, Charles granted her request, and Jeanne set off for Orléans in March of 1429 dressed in white armor and riding a white horse.

Jeanne succeeded in lifting the siege at Orléans and coronated the King.



Promises to Remember:

• Chastity
• Dressing up as a man
• Crowing the Dauphin at Reims

Bibliography :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
http://www.history.com/topics/saint-joan-of-arc
~Sarah Minz

JEANNE's VISIONS

1)  1424 - She heard the voice for the first time on her right in the direction of the Church of St. Remy and every time the voice was accompanied by a light that came from the same side as the voice

2)  The visions she saw felt as real as seeing another person and were always accompanied by a light and St. Michael with other angels. 

3)  These visions and voices made her religiously inclined, and she spent a lot of time confessing in the Church about the same and she did not tell anyone about this until 1428 when the voices asked her to seek an audience with the Dauphin

4) First of the visions was St. Michael that she saw before her eyes accompanied by many angels from heaven. St. Michael told her that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret would come to her to instruct her

6) These mystical visions started when she was 12 years old

7)  Joan's visions may have been the result of epileptic fits.  Petit mal seizures  control the arousal and attentional status of the brain, and during which, behaviour is beyond control. Stored behavioural programmes are being "read out" and favours the victim's assumption that an invisible entity has "taken over." Visual and auditory hallucinations interweave with the surroundings as Hearing voices and seeing visions.

Sources

http://www.biographyonline.net/women/joan-of-arc.html 

http://www.joan-of-arc.org/joanofarc_life_summary_visions.html

http://ed5015.tripod.com/PaJoanArc87.htm

Medieval Literature

The literary culture that thrived in the Medieval era was far ahead of the times. There was a smattering of different languages, from Latin to French to English. Liturgical literary works were mostly written in Latin as not only was it the main cross-cultural language at that time but it was the very language used by the church and the academe (usually for the purpose of learning).

“For secular Literature, French was the dominant language”.

THEMES:


Allegory
The Norman Conquest 
The Black Death
Romance
King Arthur
Authority (auctoritas)
The Peasants' Uprising
Revenge vs. Forgiveness
Antifeminism
The Catholic Church and Protestantism 
French was the dominate language in Secular medieval literature
Valour and chivalric qualities were popular in medieval times and made popular medieval literature subjects
Arthur the legendary knight was popular in the medieval literature written by Geoffrey of Monmouth
Latin was also a popular language in which to write medieval literature
Henry IV established the common use of English in medieval literature above other previously dominate languages

References:
http://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-life/medieval-literature-images/
http://www.shmoop.com/medieval-english-literature/characteristics.html

15 facts about Charles VII

Facts :


king Charles VII (1403-1461) ruled from 1422 to 1461. His reign witnessed the expulsion of the English from France and the reestablishment of a strong French monarchy after the disasters of the Hundred Years War, 1337-1453.

Charles VII was the fifth son of Charles VI of France and his wife. He was never expected to become king. However, only two of his elder brothers reached the age of maturity and then died before their father.

Charles became dauphin when his second eldest brother, Jean, died in April. His first older brother, Louis, had died in December 1415.

At 19 years of age, he inherited a divided country, torn by civil war and foreign invasion, and without an organized royal army of any distinction.

1418
The Burgundian faction siezed Paris and killed many in the Orleanist-Armagnac camp. The dauphin Charles escaped to Melum and then to Bourges. He assumed the title of lieutenant-general in the name of his father, Charles VI, who suffered fits of madness.

There is a tone of resentment in many works that final victory in the Hundred Years' War was at the hands of a non-warrior king.


Many who might be sympathetic with the French cause cannot forgive Charles VII for his so-called 'betrayal' of the Maid. These perceptions have been encouraged by the imaginative, unflatering portrayals of Charles VII in many novels and plays relating to Jeanne d'Arc's story.

Charles 's father, who suffered from recurrent madness, implied that Charles was illegitimate since his mother, Isabelle of Bavaria, was known to be a woman of loose morals

 By the Treaty of Troyes (1420) his father was forced to disinherit him in favor of the English king, Henry V.


At the beginning of his reign Charles was impoverished, threatened by English armies, and without a loyal nobility. At first Charles was not equal to his task; he was not warlike and was sickly, physically weak, and personally unattractive.

Charles VII was also known as  Charles The Well-served, or The Victorious (French Charles Le Bien-servi, or Le Victorieux

Charles became dauphin (heir to the throne) at the age of 14. He was named Lieutenant  General of the kingdom, but his mother left Paris and allied herself with John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy. On May 29, 1418, the Burgundians occupied the capital, and Charles had to flee to Bourges.


May 1413 rioting Parisians invaded the Hôtel Saint-Paul, where he lived. Toward the end of that year, he was betrothed to Mary of Anjou, the nine-year-old daughter of Louis II of Anjou, king of Naples, and his wife, Yolande of Aragon. Charles went to live in Anjou, where Yolande, energetic and accustomed to rule, established her influence over him.


In April of 1422 Charles celebrated his marriage at Bourges. He then resumed warfare, occupied La Charité, and threatened Burgundian territory.

With his court removed to Bourges south of the Loire River, Charles was disparagingly called the “King of Bourges”, because the area around this city was one of the few remaining regions left to him. However, his political and military position improved dramatically with the emergence of Jeanne d'Arc as a spiritual leader in France.



Bibliography :

http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/chas_vii.htm
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/german-history-biographies/charles-vii-france
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-VII-king-of-France

Jeanne's War Techniques

1)Jeanne was known to have an aggressive style in battle

Jeanne D'Arc was an aggressive military commander who always opted for offense instead of defence.  It was this attitude of hers that caused her downfall. For one she had no strategies of defence when she entered Compiegne. Compiegne being a city of defensive mentality managed to survive however Jeanne's strategy of offense caused her to be captured on the very first day of the siege.

2)Jeanne's sword : 

Little is known about Joan's sword. It had five crosses upon it and it's rust was easily removed. Apparently her voices guided her to to the church of  ST Catherine where she found the sword behind an altar. Jeanne mentions two scabbards that were given to her to hold the sword however she chose to construct one out of leather (Being practical) She also recieved two other swords, one from sir robert de Baudricourt and one from a Burgundian soldier. Her sword (the one she found at St Catherine's) was said to have a long and tapered blade but the history is blurred as to if this is accurate. Once she was caught,  she never revealed to anyone what had been the fate of this sword. Also interesting fact: She used to chase away prostiitutes w=from camps with this sword of hers.

3)Cannons:   Jeanne was known to have excelled in gunpowder warfare, that is she was extremely skilled when it came to working with the cannon. It is said that she could not only place and aim cannons but also predict an enemy artillery target.At all of her successful sieges, Jeanne always had superior firepower. The downside of being so reliant on artillery meant that when it was not there, the chances of success diminished. At her four losses: Paris, La Charité, Choisy-au-Bac, and finally Compiégne–Jeanne was outgunned.

4)Jeanne's Armor: 

She  was given a suit of "white armor" by Charles VII  White armor was a type of armor worn in the medieval period that was highly polished and when viewed it looked almost white. Jeanne wore this armor until Paris when after being wounded in the assault upon Paris she left it at the alter of Saint Denis as an offering which she later described at her trial "that is was an act of devotion, such as soldiers perform when they are wounded.

5)The theory that she was the source of morale and didn't actually fight: 

The extent of her actual military leadership is a subject of historical debate. It is believe that she merely provided morale. This type of analysis usually relies on the  her own testimony during her trial, where she stated that she preferred her standard to her sword. Though remembered as a fearless warrior and considered a heroine of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, Jeanne apparently never really fought in battle but instead provided inspiration for those who were fighting by using her banners. She also outlined military strategies and provided diplomatic solutions.

Sources: 

http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-surprising-facts-about-joan-of-arc

http://musee.jeannedarc.pagesperso-orange.fr/sword.htm

http://www.maidofheaven.com/joanofarc_armor.asp

http://www.scottmanning.com/content/joan-of-arc-military-successes-and-failures/

http://www.scottmanning.com/content/joan-of-arc-cannons/

http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/joan_ib.html

http://historywarsweapons.com/joan-of-arc/

An insight into Jeanne d'Arc

5 Facts about La Pucelle d'Orleans

• Her clothes

• first donned male clothes for her journey to the Dauphin's court.
• primary reason was protection from sexual assault : tunic, doublet, breeches and hose were complex pieces of clothing that took time to remove.
• there were occasions, even during war, where she wore female clothes, but never publicly, did not want her army to see her as a woman.

• Her eating habits

• very modest appetite
• meals often consisted only of pieces of bread dipped in wine mixed with water.
• refrained from attending feasts, even on days of celebration.

• Her Childhood

• spent her time sewing and spinning, praying alone in Church, imploring God to have pity on France.
• used to see her brothers return with black eyes from their "battles", never joined them.
• Jeanne made garlands, like other children her age, but preferred offering them to statues of saints in the church, especially St. Margaret and St. Catherine.

• Her religious inclinations

• pious, devoted to God and the Virgin Mary.
• attended mass daily, fell to her knees when she heard church bells ringing.
• frequently sought time for prayer, spent hours alone seeking counsel for her decisions regarding wars and conquests.

• Her beliefs

• voices that guided her were those of St. Catherine, St. Margaret and St. Michael, the Archangel
• God had send her to help crown the Dauphin as the rightful ruler of France
• in the end, unable to abandon her belief in the voices, but knew that they could not save her from a terrible death

Sources: http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/joanofarc_male_clothing.html http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2015/05/defiant-dressing-what-joan-of-arc-wore.html http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=lang&book=joan&story=childhood http://www.monio.info/2014/01/15/secrets-of-the-life-of-jeanne-darc-part-6-the-religious-factors/#chapter6

http://www.historyextra.com/article/premium/real-joan-arc

La Famille 

Youngest Brother :

~ Pierre d'Arc

~DOB : 1408

~Fought along side with Jeanne

~Married and became father of two sons and a daughter 

~Died in Orleans [DOD unknown however assumed year is 1473]

~Ennobled 

Bother:

~ Jacquemin d'Arc

~ Born: 1402 

~Death : 1450 

~Married to Catherine 

Brother

~ Jean d'Arc

~DOB : 1409

~DOD : 1447

~Ennobled in December 

~Fled with his sister to Orleans 

~ Worked to rehabilitate his sister 

~He was "Bailly of Vermandois" and captain of Chartres 

Sister 

~Catherine d'Arc

~DOB : 1413 

~DOD: 1429

~Married Colin the son of Greux's mayor

~Died during childbirth 

Source: http://www.jeanne-darc.info/biography/family/

             https://www.google.co.in/search?sa=X&q=Catherine+d%27Arc&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLQz9U3MDHLzVXiArHSTaqSyo21JLOTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VcWZSTmZe-iPGAG6Blz_uCUu5T1pz8hqjIxdutUIqXGyueSWZJZVCUlw8UnCrNBikuLjgPB4AI7cLu4YAAAA&ved=0ahUKEwil9sGtyunPAhXLrI8KHbO7CGcQri4IHg

https://www.google.co.in/search?sa=X&q=Pierre+d%27Arc&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLQz9U3MDHLzVXiArGMypMsqgq0JLOTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VcWZSTmZe-iPGAG6Blz_uCUu5T1pz8hqjIxdutUIqXGyueSWZJZVCUlw8UnCrNBikuLjgPB4AG71K_IYAAAA&ved=0ahUKEwiGsf7SzOnPAhUItY8KHbsVCIcQri4IGw

https://www.google.co.in/search?sa=X&q=Jacquemin+d%27Arc&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgFuLQz9U3MDHLzVXiArHSTaqSyi21JLOTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VcWZSTmZe-iPGAG6Blz_uCUu5T1pz8hqjIxdutUIqXGyueSWZJZVCUlw8UnCrNBikuLjgPB4AyIDXI4YAAAA&ved=0ahUKEwj-xLawzenPAhXHsFQKHRdyC2UQri4IIA

Jeanne's Education

-uneducated

-Her mother was devout-she inculcated the deep love for Catholic Church and teachings-

-Though uneducated-she had knowledge and articulation about a lot of things. The way she talked it reflected on her sheer intelligence achieved even without a formal education

-Instead of a theoretical education she had practical awareness on how to do the daily chores and in depth knowledge on how to deal with daily life situations. Practical knowledge was instilled as she was involved in doing the daily chores –sewing, cleaning and cooking with her mother and haymaking and harvesting with her father.

-The aforementioned things gave her varied knowledge in different fields –plants, science etc

-Her mother instilled her major beliefs-in saint, Jesus and Christianity

-Joan’s education was influenced by environs-for example by some old woman who taught her the use of spell, divination and other superstitious work or magic arts, her grandmother talked about visions and spirits of fairies

-Her Christian education was through diabolic practices

HER VOICES

"When I was thirteen, I had a voice from God to help me to govern myself. The first time, I was terrified. The voice came to me about noon: it was summer, and I was in my father’s garden….I saw it many times before I knew it was Saint Michael….He was not alone, but duly attended by heavenly angels….He told me Saint Catherine and Saint Marg aret would come to me, and I must follow their counsel; that they were appointed to guide and counsel me in what I had to do, and that I must believe what they would tell me, for it was at our Lord’s command." In Her Own Words, p. 5-6

Saint Joan continually professed counsel and protection from three voices guiding her in the mission to free her country from occupation: Saint Michael the Archangel, Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Saint Margaret, sometimes called Marina. Although not often mentioned, Joan also reported being visited by Saint Gabriel.

Archangel Michael was the first to appear to young Joan when she was in her thirteenth year. He told Joan that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret would soon follow. She was to obey their instruction. Whereas Archangel Michael was brilliant and bold, her descriptions of Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret were of gentle comforters.

When Joan turned seventeen, the guidance from her voices changed. Saint Michael visited more often, outlining a plan which involved the young girl liberating her country. Joan's response showed her attempt to make sense of what she was being told to do: "And I answered the Voice that I was a poor girl who knew nothing of riding and warfare." In Her Own Words, p. 7. 

Saint Michael, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret had won her devotion and her confidence. It was in them she put her complete faith, moving always in the direction they led. Her guardians not only provided counsel, but forewarned of mishaps, personal injury and eventually her own capture and death.

Archangel Michael

Patron of soldiers and law enforcement
Feast Day: May 8 and September 29

Saint Michael was the patron saint of the royal house of France during Joan's life, so it makes sense that she naturally held an affinity for him. He commanded her to go to the aid of France and eventually appeared to her as a war counselor. Saint Michael is typically depicted in armor with wings outstretched and sword or lance drawn, ready to pierce the serpent being restrained under foot. In many medieval paintings, he bears a shield with a red cross that represents "truth". 

Above all, Saint Michael told me that I must be a good child, and that God would help me. He taught me to behave rightly and go often to church.... He told me the pitiful state of the Kingdom of France. And he told me that I must go to succor the King of France." In Her Own Words, p. 6."

Saint Catherine of Alexandria

Patroness of philosophers and teachers
Feast Day: November 25

"Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret had rich crowns on their heads. They spoke well and fairly, and their voices are beautiful--sweet and soft. The name by which they often named me was Jehanne the Maid, Child of God. They told me that my King would be restored to his Kingdom, despite his enemies. They promised to lead me to Paradise." In Her Own Words, p. 7

Saint Catherine, along with Saint Margaret, was sent to guide Joan of arc on her mission, giving her constant counsel, guidance and protection. Saint Catherine was a virgin martyr born of a noble family in Alexandria. 

Saint Margaret

Patroness of pregnant women
Feast Day: July 20

Margaret is sometimes called Marina. She is believed to have been the daughter of a pagan priest, converting against family wishes to Christianity. Saint Margaret was a shepherdess who attracted the interest of a local prefect. Saint Margaret is often depicted standing over the dragon, sent by Satan to tempt her. She was beheaded.

Joan of Arc shared a similar fate with the guardians who offered their counsel, especially Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret.

It is impossible to understand Joan of Arc's motivation and steadfast moral values without first understanding the voices which she attributes every good thing she accomplished. Her deep love, faith and reverence for her helpers were best apparent in her actions. Attempting to express the Voices' profound influence on her life:

"There is no day that I do not hear the voice. And indeed I need it. I have never asked it for any other reward than, in the end, the salvation of my soul."

"I saw them with the eyes of my body as well as I see you. And when they left me, I wept, and I wished that they might have taken me with them. And I kissed the ground where they stood, to do them reverence." In Her Own Words, p. 94, 6

"Whatever I have done that was good, I have done at the bidding of my voices."In Her Own Words, p. 113

"I have never had need of them and not had them come." In Her Own Words, p. 112

"I shall call them to help me as long as I live." In Her Own Words, p. 126

Recantation

• Joan's trial by the English started in February 1431, and continued for 3 months. 
• Bishop Cauchon drew up 70 charges against her inclusive of but not limited to, thirsting for the blood of human beings, dressing up in male attire, not submitting entirely to the Catholic Church
•  Her biggest crime was heresy of communicating to God herself instead of through the Church
•  Bishop Cauchon sentenced her to death by fire in front of an English crowd
• John recanted or denounced her revelations from God and submitted entirely to the Church. 
• She accepted and signed a document with the charges of her heresy and was condemned to life imprisonment
•  She renounced this by saying she denounced the revelations to save herself from the fire, which had displeased God as she had betrayed him 
•  Declared to be a 'relapsed heretic' for making a confession with a false heart and on May 30th, 1431, she was burned at the stake in Rouen.

Source : Bill of Rights in Action (Winter 2014 Edition)

Recognising her true King

• After she made the revelation to him,Joan's uncle took her to the captain of the town Sir Robert de Baudricourt
• He mocked her before arranging for her meeting with the King.
• Entering the Court of Charles V11, Joan made inclinations and reverences to the King according to the norms one is expected to follow in a King's court
• The King denied being the King, as indicated to one of his richly clothed noblemen, calling him the King. 
• She declared that the man she made inclinations to was the right King and no one else, and she recognised him. 
•  She told him she wanted to raise the seige in Orleans, drive the English away, given enough fightermen.

Source : The first biography of Joan of Arc (Translated and Annotated by David Rankin and Claire Quintal

JOAN OF ARC: FROM WITCH TO SAINT

Joan of Arc had about 70 charges against  her including:

1. Witchcraft
2. Heresy
3. Crossdressing
4. Being a War Criminal
5. Sorcery etc.

• In May 1431, under threat of death, Joan relented and signed a confession DENYING that she had ever recieved divine guidance. 
• This is one the reason why she was tried and found guilty and hence burnt in a marketplace of Rouen(North of France).
• She was captivated by the British and then handed over to the Church to be tried. She was NOT given a Legal Advisor. 
• She was NOT put in a cell governed by female guards(Eventhough the law at that time said so)
• She was THREATENED to be killed if she didn't give the Church a Confession.

Joan is one of the youngest(SHE IS NOT THE YOUNGEST) saints as her life ended at the age of 19.

References:

http://www.history.com/topics/saint-joan-of-arc

https://www.brightknowledge.org/knowledge-bank/law-and-politics/features-and-resources/famous-cases-the-trial-of-joan-of-arc

http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/sec18.html 

The Hundred Years’ War, an intermittent struggle between England andFrance in the 14th–15th century over a series of disputes, including the question of the legitimate succession to the French crown. The struggle involved several generations of English and French claimants to the crown and actually occupied a period of more than 100 years. By convention it is said to have started in 1337 and ended in 1453, but there had been periodic fighting over the question of English fiefs in France going back to the 12th century.

• 

  Battle of Sluys during the Hundred Years’ War, illustration from Jean Froissart’s …

  PD-art

Medieval legalities were such that one king could be the vassal of another king if the first had inherited titles outside his own kingdom. Such was the case with the English kings since William I, who, as the duke of Normandy, had conquered England in 1066. Marriage alliances and wars had altered the nature of the English titles in France, but, at the death of the French kingCharles IV in 1328, Edward III of England was also duke of Guyenne (part ofAquitaine in southwestern France) and count of Ponthieu (on the English Channel). Furthermore, because his mother was Charles IV’s sister and because Charles IV had no sons, Edward III considered himself a legitimate claimant to the French throne. The other major claimant was the Count ofValois, a grandson of Philip III of France through a younger branch of the family.

A French assembly called to settle the question chose the Valois claimant asPhilip VI. Edward III appeared to accept the decision, but when Philip VI, afraid of another king’s power in his realm, maneuvered to confiscateGuyenne in 1337, Edward III renewed his claim to the French throne and brought an army to Flanders.

After 1380 both countries were preoccupied with internal power struggles, and the war lapsed into uncertain peace. Possession of Flanders remained the outstanding issue. Edward III’s grandson Richard II was eventually deposed (1399) by another grandson, who became Henry IV. In France, Charles V’s brothers fought over who should administer affairs of state in the name of Charles VI, who suffered from bouts of insanity that rendered him incapable of ruling.Medieval warfare occasionally involved pitched battles that could be decisive. More frequently, however, warfare consisted of long and costly sieges conducted against important fortified cities. Even though the English armies of Edward III kept both Philip VI (d. 1350) and his son John II (reigned 1350–64) on the defensive, progress in expanding the area of English occupation was slow. Edward failed to press the advantage following his major victory atCrécy in 1346 in order to besiege the town of Calais. Edward III’s son Edward the Black Prince even managed to capture John II at the crushing victory ofPoitiers (1356). This forced the French to try to reach some agreement. The treaties of Calais (1360) gave Edward III full sovereignty over lands that he formerly held as a vassal of Philip VI. However, when John II died in captivity, awaiting fulfillment of all the provisions of the treaties, his son Charles, crowned as Charles V, refused to respect the treaties and reopened the conflict. This time the French put the English on the defensive until Charles V’s death in 1380 halted progress in the reduction of English territory.

One of Charles VI’s uncles, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, died in 1404. His son and heir, John the Fearless, had a rival cousin, Louis, Duke d’Orléans, assassinated in 1407. Civil war broke out in France between the Armagnacs(supporters of Orléans and, later, adherents of the dauphin Charles) and theBurgundians. The English king, Henry V, upon assuming the throne following his father’s death in 1413, decided to take advantage of the French discord in order to campaign anew for the English claims on the French crown. When John the Fearless was assassinated in his turn by the Armagnacs, Henry Vfound an ally in John’s son, Philip the Good. By 1422, the Anglo-Burgundian alliance controlled Aquitaine and all France north of the Loire, including Paris.

Then English fortunes changed. Henry V died in 1422 leaving only an infant son. Weeks later the incapacitated Charles VI died, allowing his son to come to the French throne as Charles VII. The war’s turning point was reached in 1429, when the English army was forced to raise its siege of Orléans by a relief force organized by Joan of Arc. Although Joan was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, and tried and executed for heresy, Philip the Good became convinced that the English could never impose their authority on a region as large as France without more support from the native nobility. He therefore switched sides in 1435, and Paris once again came under the authority of the king of France. Charles VII conqueredNormandy and, taking advantage of the internal dynastic struggles connected with the English Wars of the Roses, conquered all of Aquitaine by 1453. England retained only Calais, which it relinquished in 1558.

References:

https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Years-War